CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis is a neglected and parasitic vector borne diseases that is endemic in tropical and subtropical countries, including Iran. The aim of this study was to explain the present status of CL in Iran. This report is based on data that recorded by CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis surveillance system in 2019, and evaluated in Center for Communicable Diseases Management in Ministry of Health in Iran. Iran has been considered an endemic area for CUTANEOUS leishmani-asis in the world. Dependent to activities for CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis control the number of cases decreased from 23202 in 2008 (Incidence rate 32 per 100000) to 13124 in 2019 (Incidence rate 15. 8 per 100000), more cases reported from September to December, in 2019, 46% of cases had one lesion and 21% had 2 lesions, 85% of cases diagnosed when the diameter of lesions had 3 centimeters and bellows. Although the Leishmania control program began in 1977, the incidence of the disease has dropped dramatically since 2008 when the new CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis control program have been implemented. Although in some areas the inci-dence of the disease increased, but the implementation of the new program has reduced the number of cases, in order to continue reducing the disease, permanent support for the control programs is needed.

Background: Chemotherapy still relies on the use of pentavalent antimonials, amphotericin B, paromomycin, miltefosin, and allopurinol. In this study, we explained about the native plant that grows in different regions of Iran and used as antileishmanial in Iran and even many other countries. Methods: This narrative review covers all information about local herbal medicine in Iran that used in treatment of CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis in all the worlds, published in local and international journals from 1996 to 2015 using various databases including PubMed, SID, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. Results: Overall, 150 articles in databases were identified. Many local plants grown in some places of Iran were used to treat this endemic disease. Conclusion: The CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis is also a major health problem in Iran, especially in Mashhad (Northeast of Iran). Therefore, many patients seek for herbal therapy that is cheaper and readily available. This review provides information regarding plant that exists in Iran and exhibiting effects on anti-Leishmania activity. Among the anti-leishmanial mentioned in this review, most have never been tested for cytotoxicity and very few have been tested for in vivo activity.

Background: About 12 million people are affected by les LEISHMANIOSIS worldwide. It is an important public health problem due to the difficulty in its control and causing epidemic outbreaks. An effective anti-leishmanial vaccine remains elusive. Isolated dominant epitopes arranged as polytope DNA vaccine represent a promising approach. Methods: Balb/c mice were vaccinated subCUTANEOUSly with pCDNA3. 1/LAKJB93 DNA and challenged with Leishmania major promastigotes; then, the level of interferon (INF)- and interleukin (IL)-4 were measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique. Production of immunoglobulin (Ig)-G1 and IgG2a antigen specific antibodies were measured against LAKJB93. Results: The enhanced production of antigen-specific INF- and IgG2a in serum showed the stimulation of T helper type 1 (Th1) response. This protectiveimmune response was induced by the expression of pcDNA3. 1/ LAKJB93 plasmid against LEISHMANIOSIS and therefore, pcDNA3. 1/ LAKJB93 can be considered an appropriate vaccine for LEISHMANIOSIS. Conclusions: Immunization with DNA vaccine may offer an effective route to prevent LEISHMANIOSIS.

Following the epidemic of zoonotic CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS (ZCL) around Ardakan city and Anthroponotic CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS (ACL) in some old quarters of Yazd city, central Iran. This study was carried out to determine the animal reservoir hosts of the disease during 1998-99. In Mohammadieh rural district on west of Ardakan city, Meriones libycus (42.2%) and Rhombomys opimus (57.8%) were present. Both were found to be infected with Leishmania. Three out of 19 M.libycus (15.7%) and 3 out of 26 R.opimus (11.5%) had positive results. Leishmania major was isolated from M.libycus by Rapid-PCR for the first time in the study area. Four dogs were also examined and none of them appeared to be infected. Meriones libycus and R.opimus are probably the main reservoir hosts of ZCL and play an important role in the epidemiology of the disease in this area. In the city of Yazd, forty-six stray dogs appeared to be uninfected because examination showed no active lesion or scar.

Background: Fars province in south Iran is an endemic focus of LEISHMANIOSIS. This study was designed to evaluate the epidemiological status of CUTANEOUS Leishmaniasis in Fars province, South Iran, from 2007 to 2016. Methods: This study was a retrospective-analytical crosssectional study. The study population consisted of all people with Leishmaniasis, who referred to the infectious disease center in four cities of Larestan, south Fars province, from 2007 to 2016. Chi-square test and ANOVA were used in data analysis. The significance level was considered as 5%. Results: In the period 2007-2016, 4599 cases of CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS were registered. The highest number of cases occurred in 2008. The mean age in 2007 and 2016 was 17. 7± 17. 1 and 12. 9± 16. 5, respectively. Women were the majority of cases, from 2007 to 2012. Hand ulcers were the most prevalent part of the body in all these years, except 2016. In terms of seasonal distribution, most of the cases occurred in winter and the least in summer. Afghan and Pakistani immigrants produced the majority of cases. Conclusion: The trend of CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS has declined in Larestan city from 2007 to 2016. However, LEISHMANIOSIS is still a major public health problem. Since the majority of cases were related to Afghan and Pakistani immigrants, it is necessary to ward off these people.

Background: Antimonial compounds are the most common choice for the treatment of CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS (CL). Antimonial toxicities are common and cardiac toxicity is one of them, which leads to the Electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. In this study, ECG changes in a patient with CL, who received systemic glucantime, were evaluated. Objectives: A 7-year-old girl was admitted to Amir-Kabir Hospital with the complaint of skin lesions (CL) on her left leg from ten months ago. The patient had received glucantime (10-20mg/kg/day) as a treatment for two 15-day periods and unfortunately, she had not responded to the treatment. Due to the cardiac side effects of glucantime, cardiology consultation was requested and an ECG was performed for the patients during the administration of treatment for the third time. Several ECG changes were detected, including first-degree block, right bundle branch block (RBBB), and QTc prolongation. The cardiologist stopped the treatment with glucantime to improve the ECG changes, and an ECG was taken every week. Even though prolonged QT interval and RBBB improved after a month, the first-degree block was present for ten months. Conclusions: ECG monitoring is necessary prior to and during the treatment with this drug. Moreover, RBBB has not been commonly reported in other studies. Thus, it should be considered as one of the cardiac side effects of glucantime and needs more attention.

Introduction and Aims: One of the important strategies to control CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis is preventive behaviors and evaluation of preventive behaviors from leishmaniasis and detecting factors associated with the disorder is the first step in planning for training intervention. Since there is no standard questionnaire in this regard, this study aimed to design and psychometric native tools to evaluate the preventive behaviors of CUTANEOUS leishmaniasis based on BASNEF Model in students of Neyshabur.Materials and Methods: In this sectional study, we designed a primary tool after investigated the scientific sources and Needs assessment beliefs Based on BASNEF Model on 25 people from the study population. For psychometric tools, we used artificial validity with the participation of 20 students and content validity (By measuring the ratio of the content validity and content validity index) through an expert panel with the participation of 10 health education experts and tool designed experts. Construct validity (using confirmatory factor analysis) was performed in LISREL software by selecting 226 high school students by using a multistage random sampling method. To determine the reliability of the tool, we used internal consistency and test-retest method.Results: The basic questionnaire version was designed with 46 items then some items were modified by artificial and content validity.in artificial validity, 2 items were excluded because of having an impact score less than 1.5 and content validity by taking a cut-off point ./79 to measure content validity index and cut-off point./62 for the credit test, the number of 8 items to be removed and items Number declined to 36 in artificial and content validity rate. In constructing validity, AGFI=0.90, RMSEA=0.040 were obtained by Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Respectively.The reliability of the tool was approved through internal consistency (0.864=a) and retest test (0.993=ICC).Conclusions: The results showed that prevention behavior questionnaire of skin, CUTANEOUS Based on BASNEF Model is valid and reliable with 36 items, and because of the strength of suitable factor structure and psychometric properties, researchers can use it in the related studies.

Introduction: The prevalence and spread of the prevailing diseases, including the CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS, is affected by ecological factors in addition to economic, social and cultural issues. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the effect of climatic factors on the incidence of urban and rural CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS in Kerman and Arzooieh in 2015-2019. Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study which was performed on all patients with the definitive diagnosis of urban CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS living in Sarasiab area of Kerman, and the rural type living in Arzooieh who referred to LEISHMANIOSIS treatment centers; From the second half of 2015 to the end of 2019. They were included in the study using the census method. Results: A total of 332 patients with CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS participated in the study. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean and deviation from the standard of patients in each season of the year in Sarasiab area of the city (p<0.05). Moreover, in the head mill area of Kerman province  a statistically significant difference was observed between temperature, precipitation and wind speed, monthly with a delay of 4 months and the rate of infection per million people (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that only in the urban type of LEISHMANIOSIS, there was a significant relationship between climatic factors and disease. Therefore, considering the seasons, studying all climatic factors simultaneously and with a delay of several months, the geographical distribution of the disease from different epidemiological and ecological aspects can be effective in reducing and controlling the disease.

Background and Objective: In despite of the advancements and achievements regarding the control of the diseases, LEISHMANIOSIS is still known as one of the basic health concerns. The objective of this study was to determine the effective factors in the follow-up delay among registered cases infected with CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS from 2009 to 2014 in Sistan and Baluchestan province, Iran. Materials and Methods: Participants of this analytic descriptive study included 2410 people infected with CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS from cities covered by Zahedan and Iran-Shahr Medical Universities from 2009 to 2014. Census sampling method was conducted and data were collected through the two-part questionnaire which included demographic variables and disease information. SPSS software version 20 was used for statistical analysis in order to determine the most important effective factors in patients’ follow-up delay by implementing logistic regression. Results: The mean (SD) patients’ age was 19. 3 (16. 4) years, the size of the wounds were identified as 2. 7 (1. 5) centimeter, and patients follow-up delay was 59. 7 (52. 5) days. As many as 1502 of patients (62. 6%) were male, and 2014 (83. 6%) were female. 730 patients (30. 3%) were kids. Pakis compared with Iranians 70% (P<0. 01), nomads compared with urban citizens 83% (P=0. 02), and patients with the history of simultaneous infection of other family members compared with the opposite group 39% (P=0. 02) had the less possibility of follow-up delay. Patients who were referred from the private centers had 126% higher possibility of follow-up delay than those referred by the state health centers (P=0. 02). Patients with the dry wound compared with those with wet wound had higher rate of follow-up (P< 0. 01). Conclusion: The study showed that the delay in follow-up among patients infected by the CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIOSIS in cities of Sistan and Baluchestan province was relatively high. The effective factors in decreasing the follow-up delays of the patients and treatment seeker included being Paki, nomads’ life place, referral from the state health centers, wet wound, and history of the simultaneous infection of the family members.